Page 27 - Post-traumatic stress disorder in adults with mild intellectual disability: Screening, assessment, and brief intensive EMDR therapy

General introduction
References
Aftyka, A., Rybojad, B., Rosa, W., Wróbel, A., & Karakuła-Juchnowicz, H. (2017). Risk factors for the
development of post-traumatic stress disorder and coping strategies in mothers and fathers
following infant hospitalisation in the neonatal intensive care unit. Journal of Clinical Nursing,
26(23-24), 4436–4445. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13773
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
(4th ed., text rev.). Author.
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
(5th ed., text rev.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
Benedict, T. M., Keenan, P. G., Nitz, A. J., & Moeller-Bertram, T. (2020). Post-traumatic stress disorder
symptoms contribute to worse pain and health outcomes in veterans with PTSD compared
to those without: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Military Medicine, 185(9-10),
e1481-e1491. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usaa052
Blevins, C. A., Weathers, F. W., Davis, M. T., Witte, T. K., & Domino, J. L. (2015). The Posttraumatic
Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation.
Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28, 489–498. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22059
Bongaerts, H., Voorendonk, E. M., Van Minnen, A., Rozendaal, L., Telkamp, B. S. D., & De Jongh,
A. (2022). Fully remote intensive trauma-focused treatment for PTSD and complex
PTSD. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 13(2), 2103287. https://doi.org/10.1080/20
008066.2022.2103287
Boat, T. F., & Wu, J. T. (2015). Clinical characteristics of intellectual disabilities. In T. F. Boat & J.
T. Wu (Eds.), Mental disorders and disabilities among low-income children (pp. 169-178). The
National Academies Press.
Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic
stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5),
748-766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.68.5.748
Brewin, C. R., Rose, S., Andrews, B., Green, J., Tata, P., McEvedy, C., Turner, S., & Foa, E. B. (2002).
Brief screening instrument for post-traumatic stress disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry,
181, 158-162. https://doi.org/ DOI: 10.1017/s0007125000161896
Butler, S.-J., & Ramsey-Wade, C. (2024). How do clients experience intensive EMDR for post-
traumatic stress? An interpretive phenomenological analysis. European Journal of Trauma &
Dissociation, 8(4), 100479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100479
Byrne, G. (2020). A systematic review of treatment interventions for individuals with intellectual
disability and trauma symptoms: A review of the recent literature. Trauma, Violence & Abuse,
23(2), 541-554. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020960219
Davis, L. L., Schein, J., Cloutier, M., Gagnon-Sanschagrin, P., Maitland, J., Urganus, A., Guerin, A.,
Lefebvre, P., & Houle, C. R. (2022). The economic burden of posttraumatic stress disorder
in the United States from a societal perspective. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 83(3),
21m14116. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.21m14116
De Jongh, A., De Roos, C., & El-Leithy, S. (2024). State of the science: Eye movement desensitization
and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 37(2), 205–216. https://doi.
org/10.1002/jts.23012
De Roos, R., Beer, R., De Jongh, A., & Ten Broeke, E. (2025). EMDR protocol voor kinderen en jongeren
tot 18 jaar. [EMDR protocol for children and adolescents up to 18 years]. Pearson.
Douma, J., Moonen, X., Ovsiannikova, K., & Noordhof, L. (2025). Handreiking zelfrapportage LVB.
Aanbevelingen voor het ontwikkelen, aanpassen en afnemen van (diagnostische) instrumenten
bij mensen met een licht verstandelijke beperking. Landelijk kenniscentrum LVB. https://www.
kenniscentrumlvb.nl/product/handreiking-zelfrapportage-lvb/
Federatie Medisch Specialisten. (2025). Herziene richtlijn posttraumatische stressstoornis.
https://demedischspecialist.nl/nieuwsoverzicht/nieuws/herziene-richtlijn-posttraumatische-
stressstoornis-ptss
Gahnfelt, H., Weineland, S., Carlsson, P. F. G., & Blomdahl, C. (2025). 8-day intensive treatment
programme for PTSD and complex PTSD vs treatment as usual: a clinical trial. European
1
25